As Canada accelerates its defence spending to meet ambitious NATO targets, the country faces a critical challenge: personnel shortages and training delays threaten to undermine the effectiveness of new equipment and platforms.
The Risks of Under-Investment in Training
Canada’s defence policy has focused heavily on acquiring new ships, submarines, aircraft and armoured vehicles. While these capital investments are essential, they are not sufficient on their own. Without enough qualified personnel to operate and maintain these platforms, multi-billion-dollar programs risk under-delivering on expectations.
Recent reporting confirms these concerns. According to CBC News, the CAF faces a shortage of up to 14,000 qualified personnel, with attrition rates among new recruits more than double the average. Training delays and difficulty adjusting to military life are cited as key reasons for early departures, with some recruits waiting over 200 days for training. The Auditor General’s 2025 report found that only one out of 13 applicants was successfully recruited, and basic training capacity was insufficient to meet operational needs.
Simulation-Based Training: A Strategic Solution
To address these challenges, we must prioritize the training capacity of Canada’s defence industrial base, especially through partnerships with Canadian companies that deliver simulation-based training. Simulation technologies—such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality—offer immersive, cost-effective and scalable solutions for building operational readiness. Calian, for example, has delivered training for 250,000 CAF personnel and 50,000 NATO personnel, using a blend of live and simulation-based training.
Industry reports echo this trend. The Canadian Defence Review notes that live, virtual and constructive (LVC) training is now a cornerstone of CAF readiness, integrating real-world exercises with virtual environments to replicate the complexities of modern warfare. These technologies are increasingly paired with artificial intelligence and machine learning to optimize training efficiency.
Technology Trends Shaping Military Training
Globally, defence training is being transformed by emerging technologies. Artificial intelligence enables adaptive learning environments, predictive analytics and decision-support systems. The integration of AR and VR enhances realism and engagement, while cloud-based simulation solutions offer scalable training programs. The Department of National Defence is investing in platforms like Calian’s Virtual Command and Control Interface (VCCI) and MaestroEDE to connect simulation and command-and-control technologies into unified environments for training and operations.
Investing in Domestic Capability
Canada must invest in domestic simulation-based training to reduce dependency on foreign supply chains and ensure long-term readiness. A thriving Canadian training sector means the CAF can rely on homegrown technology and expertise to prepare personnel for future challenges.
As defence spending ramps up, Canada’s ability to generate and retain skilled personnel will be the true measure of its military strength. By prioritizing training capacity and embracing innovative technologies, Canada can build a resilient, future-ready force.
